Respect your elders Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respect your elders - Article Example at consumers tend to find online advertising annoying and have become desensitized to the plethora of different banner ads serving as promotional tools for marketers in the digital environment. Traditional postcards, however, have much higher ratios of retention and consumers are more engaged with their content and purpose. Many businesses are finding a much higher return on marketing investment through traditional marketing practices and strategies which suggests that old-school marketing is still highly relevant in the process of gaining consumer interest and attention to a product, service or corporate brand identity. Modern methods of marketing are not always effective as compared to tried and tested traditional marketing activities. This does not seem highly surprising considering that the majority of Facebook users, as one example, utilize this service as a social recreational tool and not as a medium by which to engage companies and examine brand strategies. Marketers must remember that not all consumer demographics are actively engaged in social media and the Internet on a regular basis, such as Baby Boomers and those younger markets that maintain very busy social and professional lifestyles. Therefore, digital marketing is not always effective in reaching consumers on a regular basis. In fact, a 2012 study conducted by Nielsen and NM Incite found that only 12 percent of white consumers and 18 percent of African American consumers actually make purchases after witnessing online advertisements in a social network (Consoli, 2012). Though modern marketing theory indicates that building relationships with customers is a critical marketing task to build brand preference and loyalty, the majority of disparate market segments only utilize social media for a brief period of time each day or week. Traditional marketing efforts, such as sending direct mailing advertisements, actually reach into the consumer environment and can be sent with recurring price

People's lives continue to be shaped in the main by social Essay

People's lives continue to be shaped in the main by social structures'. Discuss this view, drawing on material from at the least three blocks of DD100 in your answer - Essay Example tity of a man is not only vital representation of his self but it is also medium that significantly contributes to a knowledge base that others can instantly access to have a general idea of their orientation towards conflicts and other relevant issues. The social construction of human identity thus becomes the most important element which significantly impacts people’s lives. Construction of social structures and social identities are often influenced by hordes of issues, which are defined by individual ideology, group representation, professional competencies, intercultural compulsions etc. which facilitate better understanding and access to networking with organizations and groups in order to avail the emerging opportunities for their personal and professional growth. Thus giving rise to behavioural pattern of the people that directly correlates with the values and value system of the person and his environment. There are various means through which persons imbibe the values that they carry all through their life. Some of them may be through the socio-religious culture that they follow while others might be acquired through changing paradigms of the work environment that is in perpetual influx. A person identified as student, as American or as an artisan etc. can proclaim certain privileges that are associated with that particular identity. ‘Identities are produced in a social context, but through individuals thinking about what links them to the social world†¦ Symbols and representations are important in the production of identities. This is how we signal our identities to others and how we know which people we identify with.’ (Woodward, 2004, p.12). Social construction is a distributed network of human relationship with respect to its environment. The role of religion in the life of a man is one of the most important facet that has long lasting effect not only on an individual’s life but its influence can be observed as a kaleidoscope of mixed

Citibank Budgeting Essay Example for Free

Citibank Budgeting Essay 1. Analysis of Budget Process at Citibank Direction and control of Citibank’s international branches are conducted via two formal management processes. Each year, top management sets sovereign risk limits for its independent branches based on proposals by country managers. Country managers may choose to operate with self-imposed limits below this upper guideline. Following, there is the budget setting process, where headquarters only provides administrative guidelines but not specific targets, with operating managers being responsible for budgets for the following year. Indonesia often set their targets above these long-term goals. Performance is measured and compared against the budget each month, and a new forecast, which will be reviewed by the division manager, is drawn up each quarter for the remainder of the year. This structure of bottom-up budgeting is appropriate for a decentralized firm like Citibank. This is evident from the freedom Mr Mistri has over Indonesia’s operations and the different business segments and divisions, as shown in Exhibit 2 3. Such a participative process is likely to increase management commitment to achieve the targets since country managers are responsible for influencing their own targets. More importantly, country managers know the local business environment and culture better than group managers, therefore their targets are likely to be more accurate and realistic. Furthermore, bottom-up budgeting is a form of action control while the frequent reviews of the budgets serves as preaction review. Both facilitate information sharing within the organisation, with long-term strategic goals of the firm being communicated downwards and local business potentials and risks conveyed upwards via the budgets and forecasts. They also encourage managers to think further ahead about what they want to achieve in the near future. However, Citibank’s budgeting process appears to have an imbalanced focus with most of the emphasis placed only on financial measures. Although these measures can be easily obtained and are inexpensive because they are by-products of the accounting system, it does not fully represent all aspects of the organization’s strategies and goals. Instead, the budget could be restructured to include other non-financial aspects such as customer satisfaction and employee morale to obtain a balance, which will be vital towards the long term success of Citibank. None of Citibank’s budget items extend beyond the next year; instead there is an emphasis on a fixed short horizon. This can result in managers developing a myopic focus instead of measuring the fulfilment of Citibank’s long-term goals or the local government’s societal expectations. Myopia is aggravated by the monthly performance reviews which reveals the focus on short term goals. Citibank should look at its budget with a longer horizon. Moreover, the budgeting process in Citibank appears to be tedious and too time-consuming. The requirement for operating managers to conduct discussions and forecast all the line items shown on the submission form seems to take up significant time and effort. Such a process could be costly for the firm in terms of opportunity costs related to unnecessary time and resources spent. The benefits of such a tedious budgeting process must be high enough to justify the related costs. Also, there seems to be no connection and a mismatch between the two management processes. It is only reasonable that these two processes should go hand in hand as higher returns may only be possible with a higher risk appetite. However, increase in profit goals is not matched by an increase in risk tolerance (sovereign risk limit). Moreover, sovereign risk limits is set yearly but not adjusted when budgets are revised each quarter. Citibank should consider allowing country/division managers to adjust risk limits to match any revisions in budgets during the year. Use of the Budget for Performance Evaluation of Managers Performance is monitored every month against budgets, and incentive compensation for managers were linked to budget-related performance. Incentive compensation could range up to approximately 70% of base salary although awards of 30-35% were more typical. Assignment of bonuses were based approximately 30% on corporate performance and 70% on individual performance, primarily performance related to forecast. This emphasizes results accountability as it involves rewarding the managers for generating good results that are aligned to the budgets. As such, it influences actions because it causes employees to be concerned about the consequences of the actions they take. However, the contradiction in this is that while these managers will not be constrained in what actions they can take to achieve their goals, they are also empowered to take whatever actions they believe will best produce these desired results. Hence, it is highly dependent on personnel controls with regards to the managers hired. Provided that budgets were adequately set with appropriately extent of goal difficulty, these budgets act as results controls and affects a manager’s motivation since the targets are linked to performance evaluations and compensation. Furthermore, it is beneficial that manager’s compensation is tied directly to both individual(70%) and corporate performance(30%), allowing a larger perspective to be considered. Differentiation of base earnings from extraordinary earnings for which managers are not held accountable for is in line with the controllability principle. This is vital because setting performance targets to attain for each measure allows the managers to assess their performance and also get rewarded, encouraging behaviors that lead to desired results. As such, this will promise manager rewards that provide the most powerful motivational effects in the most cost effective ways possible. However, performance evaluations based on budgeted information is backward looking (extrapolating past trends) while it is best that the evaluations be forward looking. It should be evaluated based on the future cash flow/profits that can be brought to the firm instead of historical performance to promote a higher performance in the future. Furthermore, as their compensation is tied to meeting targets, it might promote game-playing and politics. As for Citibank, their culture encourages aggressive mark-ups to budget with managers constantly setting challenging budgets. For Mr Mistri, he will feel the extra pressure since the aggressive targets can barely be met with the deteriorating conditions in Indonesia. In conclusion, the current budget and performance evaluation system, which is mainly bottom up with top down guidance, matches the decentralized structure of Citibank. Although there seems to be trade-offs and problems with Citibank’s current bottom up budgeting system, there is no perfect budget system to optimally serve all the different purposes of budgeting. What Citibank can do is to put in place measures to minimize some of these shortcomings. 2. Are managers at Citibank committed to achieving budget targets? Yes, managers are committed as a result of their freedom to set their own budgets subject to guidelines provided by top management. Mr Mistri can choose to operate with a self imposed sovereign risk limit which is lower than the one approved by the New York Headquarter if he thinks that the one set by the top management is too aggressive. The fact that he has control over this means that he will be less pressurised to set unrealistic goals or engage in budget slacks. These will garner higher commitment from managers since the budgets set are not restrictive and offer flexibility to managers according to the business conditions. The commitment to achieve targets is augmented as incentive compensation for managers is linked to budget-related performance. Thus they will work towards getting more incentives for themselves through surpassing the budgeted forecast. On the other hand, the amount of commitment may be limited by the constant revision of budgets each quarter. Managers may be less motivated to hit their budget target if they know that those targets can be revised lower in the next quarter if performance was unsatisfactory. In addition, the frequent changes may make managers unfocused and reduce their motivation to work towards the goals set. If so, are the budget targets too challenging? The targets may prove to be too challenging. This can be shown by the fact that although incentive compensation could range up to 70% of base salary, awards of 30-35% were more typical, implying that it may be difficult to surpass the budgeted levels. Furthermore, Mr Mistri felt that the increased profit goal by $500K to $1mil set by Mr Gibson is too much as the budget he submitted is already very aggressive, judging by the bleak short term outlook due to the decrease in oil prices. This is supported by the self-imposed sovereign risk limit that Mr Mistri is operating at in order to minimise his exposure which will reduce the likelihood of the firm achieving higher returns due to the lower risk. We also doubt the achievability of the budget set. Though the forecasts and budgets are set by the operating managers themselves, we have to take into consideration Citibank’s risk-taking culture. While challenging targets induce motivation, the aggressive year-on-year increase in targets might prove to be detrimental to the achievement of the firm’s strategic objectives. Firstly, this is especially so when targets are not adjusted in times of bad macroeconomic conditions. With the incentive compensation for managers linked to budget-related performance, it seems that managers might be motivated to set unrealistic targets and employ excessively risky methods to accomplish them. Such a system would eventually serve to promote short-term gains at the expense of long-term losses for the organisation. In addition, the practice of comparing actual performance to budgeted amount monthly is too short termed and may render managers to become myopic. This may encourage managers to engage in gamesmanship such as earnings management, manipulating data to receive additional bonuses especially towards the end of a quarter. Is there any evidence of budget gaming? Yes, there is evidence of budget gaming. The main reason Mr Mistri used to justify his less than ideal budget (as compared to Mr Gibson’s) is likely to be false and there are unhealthy motivations for him to engage in such behaviour. Mr Mistri justified his budget by claiming that the Indonesian economy had slipped into a recession when oil prices decreased significantly. This is supported by the fact that Citibank’s Indonesian operations growth paralleled that of the Indonesian economy. However, evidence in Exhibit 4 suggests otherwise, revealing both the net and inflation-adjusted GDP of Indonesia to be increasing steadily over time. Even in 1983, GDP increased 5%. Moreover, a fall in oil prices will not necessarily lead to a recession. As such, Mr Mistri’s concerns are unlikely to be true and a simple check by the group managers would have allowed this to be uncovered. Moreover, even though Indonesia’s economy is highly dependent on oil prices, a fall in oil prices is also likely to affect Citibank’s other operations in different regions. The group managers will probably have considered this effect when setting the $4mil profit goal for South East Asia. In our opinion, Mr Mistri is likely to be acting as a Sandbagger. By presenting less ambitious budgets, there will be higher likelihood of positive variances in actual performance. Given that compensation is tied to budget-related performance, such gaming behavior will probably increase Mr Mistri’s bonuses and salary. Another motive for budget gaming could be to cover up the ongoing high staff turnover problem with the bad economic conditions. Mr Mistri just lost his chief of staff and two senior officers, and is concerned with constraints to growth due to his lack of experienced staff. This could in turn affect his bonus and salary. Since managers are not accountable for extraordinary earnings or losses at Citibank, by blaming the external economy (recession) for a less aggressive budget rather than on internal problems, his bonuses will not be affected. Furthermore, Mr Minstri has the freedom to operate at a sovereign risk limit lower than the group’s since country managers are given substantial autonomy in deciding their country’s budget and risk limits. He is likely to be able to get away with a less than optimal budget if his group manager trusts him. This way, his budget gaming behavior will escape the suspicions of Mr Gibson and other group/division managers.

Early Stage Dementia Nursing Care

Early Stage Dementia Nursing Care The aim of this case study is to explain and discuss the nursing care of a 69 year old lady who has recently been diagnosed with early stage dementia. This case study will demonstrate my knowledge and understanding of evidence based nursing practice whilst exhibiting my ability to outline a plan of care which is based on this. The structure of this study will adopt part of the nursing process, i.e. assessment of the client and planning of care in partnership with the client. The nursing process requires the nurse to carry out a holistic assessment of clients needs which takes into consideration the persons physical, social, psychological and spiritual being in order to produce an appropriate plan of care (Kenworthy et al, 2006). This case study shall also discus the nature and possible causes of Simones illness. The experiences of Simone discussed in this case study will be influenced by the use of a biomedical, psychological and social approach to dementia. This case study is based on a fictitious community psychiatric nursing assessment of a person called Simone. Simone is a 69 year old lady who has just received a diagnosis of early stage dementia. Simone lives with her daughter who is aged 40 and is a paraplegic who in the last twelve months has had two bouts of depression. Although Simones daughter is able to look after herself to a great extent she does require some of her mothers help. It became evident from the assessment that Simone appeared very anxious about her diagnosis as well as what will happen to her daughter. Although Simone appears orientated to place she appears to get flustered at times when she cannot answer some question. There appears to be no concerns in relation to Simones physical state of health. Simone stated that she does not need help at the moment and that she will cope. Simone has no family locally and since she began looking after her daughter 10 years ago, Simone appears to have lost touch with many of her friends. Simones home is clean and well equipped; they both wish to continue living here although it appears as though they are anxious about coping. Simones daughter reported that on a few occasions recently her mother had burned food while cooking. According to National Health Service (NHS, 2009) dementia is a common condition. In the year 2000 18 million people worldwide were said to have been living with the condition with that figure projected to rise to 34 million by the year 2025 (Alzheimers Disease International, 2010). At present there are approximately 700,500 people in the United Kingdom with dementia and although it is something which largely affects people in later life there are currently at least 16,000 people in the UK under the age of 65 who have the illness (Department of Health, 2009). Dementia can affect anyone regardless of their gender, ethnicity or class. At particular risk of developing dementia are people with learning disabilities. Dementia is a devastating and severe illness and can be defined as a syndrome which is associated with a number of illnesses in which there is a progressive decline in many areas of functioning. These areas include memory, reasoning, communication skills and our ability to carry out daily activities (DOH, 2009). Furthermore people may experience behavioural and psychological symptoms such as psychosis, depression and aggression (World Health Organisation [WHO], 1992). There are different forms of dementia, the most common being Alzheimers which accounts for 62% of all cases. With Alzheimers the chemistry and structure of the brain is altered and brain cells die. The onset of Alzheimers disease is said to be slow and the decline is gradual over many years. The second most common cause of dementia is vascular dementia (VD) with the most common type being Multi Infarct Dementia (MID), this is where the brain has been damaged by repeated small strokes. MID can also be caused by high blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms or diseases which cause damage to the arteries in the brain. As a result of MID the patients condition gradually gets worse in steps and the person will usually deteriorate until they have a stroke were they will deteriorate before having another stroke and deteriorating further. Often people will have both types of dementia. Other forms of dementia include but are not limited to dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and fronto-temporal de mentia (FTD) (Ouldred Bryannt, 2008). Dementia with Lewy Bodies is thought to be the third most common cause of dementia. Those who have it have microscopic changes called Lewy bodies in the nerve cells of the brain which are caused by tiny protein deposits in the brain which disrupt its functioning. Visual hallucinations and delusions often occur. Fronto temperal dementia is rarer and the person affected may have personality changes before their memory is affected. Progression of dementia is different for each individual, for some it may be fairly rapid whilst for others it may be more gradual. Clinical features of the disease can be classified into three stages although these may not be present in every person and not all people will move through each stage (Alzheimers Society, 2007). Simone had visited her GP recently in relation to a series of vague physical complaints however recently she also admitted that she was worried that she had been having lapses in memory as well as becoming very intolerant of her daughter at times. According to the Scottish Government (2010) some people may be reluctant to attend their GP if they are worried they have dementia, some people may wait for as long as two years. The fear of dementia in the person or in their family is seen as the most significant barrier to seeking a diagnosis (National Audit Office, 2008). It is usual practice for General Practitioners to start the assessment process before referring the person to a local memory assessment clinic or community health team for further detailed assessment (Ouldred Bryannt, 2008). A bio medical approach is one way of understanding dementia and this view may have been important in ensuring Simone has a proper diagnosis. The Mini -Mental State Examination was developed as a screening instrument for diagnosing dementia which results in assessment of things such as, memory, language and visuoperceptual function. In Simones case, when cognitive impairment was detected, the MMSE will have been utilised to detect dementia. Whilst trying to determine whether Simone has dementia she will have been asked if she wishes to know the diagnosis as well as whom else she would like to know (NICE, 2007). A score of less that 24 out of a possible 30 points is said to indicate an abnormal result however patients with scores between 21 and 25 can be considered for re evaluation in 3 to 6 months. Those with a score of greater than 25 reduce the probability of cognitive impairment. NICE (2007) recommend the result of this MMSE assist in determining the appropriateness of pharmacological interventions. For cognitive symptoms of Alzheimers dementia, Donepizil, Galantimine and Rivastigmine which are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are utilised. Nice recommend the prescribing of these three for those who have a diagnosis of Alzheimers disease of moderate severity that is decided by an MMSE score of between 10 and 20 points. For non- Alzheimers dementia and mild cognitive impairment the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and Memantine should not be prescribed for the treatment of cognitive decline (NICE, 2007). Should the use of medication be an option for Simone as past of her care plan there would be a need to assess whether Simone requires assistance with medication administration including storage of medicines ( NMC, 2010). The possibility of a pill dispenser (dossett box) may be useful to encourage correct dosage and timing (Alzheimers Scotland, 2010). Also incorp orated into the care plan would be the need to inform Simone of the side effects of the medication as well as monitoring Simone for any effects (NHS, 2007). Dementia has been known to be referred to as having three stages. A comprehensive assessment has concluded that Simone has been diagnosed as having early stage dementia. The early stages of dementia it is also referred to as mild with the next stage known as moderate/middle and finally severe/late. Nice (2007) suggests that after Simones received her diagnosis informing her of what this entails should be incorporated into her plan of care. As a nurse I would ask Simone if she wishes that her and her family receive this information. This information would include the signs and symptoms of dementia (NICE, 2007). Sign (2006) argue that the information should be offered to patients and their carers in advance of the next stage of the illness. One of the problems arising from the assessment is that Simone appeared anxious about her diagnosis and what might happen to her daughter. This would be an important time for the nurse to attempt to gauge Simones knowledge understanding of the disease and offer information step by step depending on her ability to cope with it (Lecouturier et al 2008). The importance of a client centred approach is central when planning care for Simone (NICE, 2007). As a nurse it is important to recognise Simones theory of her life, and to realise that what counts is her perception of her situation and not just what the expert may think (Rogers, 2003). In order to achieve this successfully the nurse may plan to establish a therapeutic relationship with Simone. Good communication between all those involved including the nurse, client, relatives and specialists within the multidisciplinary team must take place accordingly in order to create a holistic and individualised plan of care (Hinchliff et al, 2003). As a nurse I could adopt the use of a model to provide a basic framework for the helping process for example Egans skilled helper model (Hough 2006).This is concerned with obtaining the clients current picture, it helps clients clarify the key issues which require to be changed (Egan, 2007). The main principle is helping clients to tell their stories, whilst enabling clients to develop new perspectives that help them reframe their stories, also to help clients achieve leverage by determining which part to work on first (Egan, 2007). Skills the nurse could use here include basic listening skills, paraphrasing and reflecting, summarising, asking questions and using silence (Egan, 2007). These skills will underpin the therapeutic relationship (Rogers, 2003). This model also looks at the preferred picture and is concerned with helping Simone identify and choose what she wants, again the main principle here is to help her imagine a better future and help her choose realistic and challenging goals that are real solutions to the problems and unused potentials which have been identified (Egan, 2007). The third stage is concerned with the way forward, the main principle is to help Simone review and choose possible strategies, along with resources and put these into a realistic plan to achieve goals (Egan, 2007). It is clear that Simone and her daughter wish to carry on living at home for as long as possible therefore by helping Simone recognise and understand the illness and its stages will assist in identifying her strengths and highlighting the things she can do as well as plan ahead for the future. At this moment in time Simone feels as though they are coping however respite could be part of the care package (NICE, 2007). Written and verbal information should be passed on regarding local support groups that Simone could attend on her own, or with friends and family. It is important to encourage Simones independence for as long as possible by encouraging her to carry on independently with those activities of daily living she still appears to be managing. Simone appears to be have isolated herself over the last few years therefore the option of attending a day hospital may be offered with transport to and from being put into place. The option of befriending may encourage Simone to get out and about in addition to support and companionship (Volunteer Centre, 2010). As it has been reported that Simone has burned her food lately this could pose a risk to Simone and also her daughter. As part of Simones plan of care I would be required to draw on the expertise of members of the multi-disciplinary team for example an occupational therapist who could visit in order to carry out a kitchen assessment. Simones vulnerabilities and risks to herself and others, as a result of her cognitive impairment would be identified by carrying out a risk assessment. Part of Simones care plan would include a risk management plan (NHS, QIS, 2007). This care plan would identify the roles and responsibilities for all members of the multidisciplinary team including Simone, her daughter, the community mental health nurse, occupational therapist, psychiatrist, social worker and also physiotherapist. Within Simones plan of care it is vital to ensure that risk assessment is continuous as Simones dementia progresses through the stages then so too will the risk to her and other s increase. As a community psychiatric nurse I have a responsibility to draw on expertise from the relevant disciplines and make referrals accordingly (NMC, 2010) for example as Simone progresses through the stages there may be a risk of falls and therefore as part of the risk assessment and plan of care I would refer Simone to a physiotherapist. As a nurse I should always seek valid consent from the person to share the information obtained via assessment with other agencies that may be involved in the care planning process (NMC consent). Simone has been presumed to have capacity to make decisions regarding her care and treatment however as the dementia progresses this may no longer be the case. If a person appears to lack capacity to make a decision then the provision of the Adults with Incapacity Act must be followed. This Act sets out principles which must be adhered to in addition to a Code of Practice, these principles include, presumption of capacity, supporting a person to make decisions, an individuals right to make unwise decisions, the best interests of the person and ensuring the least restrictive alternative (Griffith Tenhnah, ). As Simone appears to have been diagnosed early this allows time to discuss and plan for the future. This may include discussing the provisions of the above mentioned act for example, whi le Simone still has capacity she may nominate a spokesperson (attorney) to make decisions regarding her personal welfare including healthcare and consent to treatment should she become incapable. This is known as lasting powers of attorney (LPA). Another provision under the Mental Capacity Act that may be discussed with Simone is that of Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA) where Simone could appoint someone which would give them the legal right to manage Simones financial affairs. As a nurse it is important to discuss the use of an advanced statement as part of the plan of care as this would enable Simone, while she is still well enough to do so, to write a statement which outlines the way in which she wishes to be treated should she become unwell and no longer have capacity (). Dementia is a terminal illness and NICE (2007) recommend a palliative care approach from the time of diagnosis until death. As a result the care plan should incorporate Simones wishes in relation to end of life care for example a preferred place to die. The provision of palliative care in the UK is said to favour those with cancer (Fallon Hanks, 2006) although those with dementia can have equally as severe symptoms and similarly poor prognosis. Therefore planning ahead for Simones end of life care may result in a good quality service with improved experiences for Simone and her daughter (Scottish Government, 2008). Discussions might also take place around the possibility of a do not resuscitate decision, if Simone felt this was appropriate it could be documented. This would ensure that no attempt is made to resuscitate Simone in the event of cardiac arrest if this is her wish (National Health Service Scotland, 2010). People who care for relatives with dementia are said to suffer higher levels of stress and ill health than the general public (Scottish Dementia Strategy). This may well be a significant change for Simones daughter. As Simone wishes to stay at home it is vital that a carers assessment is carried out and appropriate support and information is provided as it may become too difficult for her daughter to sustain otherwise and could result in Simone requiring admission to care services. The option of respite should be a vital part of the care plan (NICE, 2007). In conclusion, this essay has provided an explanation and discussion regarding the nursing care of a 69 year old lady who has recently been diagnosed with early stage dementia. This case study has demonstrated my knowledge and understanding of evidence based nursing practice and demonstrated my ability to utilise this in order to outline a plan of care. Alzhiemers Scotland (2010) http://www.alzscot.org/pages/info/safety.htm National Health Service Choices (2009) Your health your choices: Dementia. [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed 04th August, 2010] Alzhiemers Society: Demography, Alzheimers Society position statement. [Online] Available from:http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.phpcategoryID=200167documentID=412 [Accessed 04th August, 2010] Alzheimers Society (2007) Information Sheet: The Progression of Dementia. Alzheimers Society. London. [Online] Available from: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/factsheet/458 [Accessed on 3rd August 2009] Department of Health (2009) Living well with dementia: A National Dementia Strategy. London. [Online] Available from:http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_094051.pdf [Accessed 3rd August, 2009] Fallon, M., Hanks,G ABC of Palliative Care. British Medical Journal. Blackwell Publishing. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189-198. Egan, G. (2007) The Skilled Helper. (8th Edn) USA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Griffith Hinchliff, S., Norman,S., Schober, J. (2003) Nursing Practice and Healthcare (4th Edn) London: Arnold. Hough, M. (2006) Counselling Skills and Theory. (2nd Edn) Great Britain: Hodder Arnold. Kenworthy, N., Snowley, G., Gilling, C. (2006) Common Foundation Studies in Nursing. (3rd Edition) Churchill Livingston:USA. NHS QIS 2007 NMC CONSENT http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Consent/ Ouldred, E., Bryant. C. (2008) Dementia care. Part 2: understanding and managing behavioural challenges. British Journal of Nursing. Vol 17. No 4. Scottish Government (2008) Living and Dying Well A National Action Plan for Palliative and End of Life Care. Edinburgh. The Volunteer Centre http://volunteerglasgow.org/befriending/drumchapel.asp World Health Organisation (1992) The ICD-10 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. WHO. Geneva.

The Causes of McCarthyism Essay examples -- Essays Papers

The Causes of McCarthyism As an individual in the middle of Twentieth century Joseph McCarthy had a rather intense effect on society. He started the movement that bears his name. McCarthyism was the movement that caused many changes in the lives of the people of the 1950's. McCarthy headed the charge against communism in the United States after the second World War. Through his actions many people were accused of being communists and hastilly judged to be so because of the general feeling toward communism. What causes such an incredible uprising. What caused so many people to rally behind, in many cases, unfounded accusations that would ruin other peoples lives unjustly? What caused not just a movement but the movement known as McCarthyism? It is historically proven that a simple action can have many complex causes, while a movement can have immeasurable causes underlying its begining and the momentum that keeps it alive. Leaving the little, but not insignificant causes alone, the major causes o f McCarthyism were the attitude of the United States toward communism, the sense of superiority within the United States, and McCarthy's own position. The attitude of the citizens of the United States was a tremendous influence on the development of McCarthyism. The people living in the post World War II United States felt fear and anger because communism was related with Germany, Italy, and Russia who had all at one point been enemies of the United States during the war. If the enemies were communists then, communists were enemies and any communists or even communist sympathizers were a threat to the American way of life. "From the Bolshevik Revolution on, radicals were seen as foreign agents or as those ... ...it was. Fear makes people do things they normally would not. Because of fear people overlook things they normally would notice imediately, especially in the case of something being moral or immoral. McCarthy was described as "paranoid" and for whom "...life was a sereis of conspiracies, the most fiendish of which were directed at him..."(Cook p77). Fear was the greatest underlying cause of the McCarthy movement; fear of communism, fear of the loss of freedom, fear of being accused or fear of what would happen if someone challenged the movement. Works Cited - Rogin, Paul. The Intellectuals and McCarthy: the Radical Speaker. The MIT Press, Clinton, Massachusettes. 1967. - Cook, Fred. The Nightmare Decade. Random House Publishing, New York, New York. 1971. - Theoharis, Athan. Seeds of Repression, Quadrangle Books, Chicago, Illinois. 1971.

To Kill a Mockingbird and American History :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill a Mockingbird and American History The book, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, has many different relations to American history. The book shows good examples of racism, working life, church, and many other things. The book takes place sometime in the 1930's. It's about two children named Jem and Scout. They are very imaginative kids always making up new games and other things to pass the time. In the beginning of the book they are obsessed with one of their neighbors, Boo Radley. They think that Boo is a crazy man that killed his parents. Jem, Scout, and their cousin, Dill, decide to go up and see if they can see what is going on inside the Radley house. Once they get up to the house they hear a noise and run off, but Jem loses his pants of a fence wire. The entire first part of the book is all about the kids trying to find out all about the Radley's. The second part of the book is about Atticus (Scout and Jem's father) defending a black man named Tom Robinson in court. Tom was accused of beating and raping a nineteen year old girl named Mayella. This is the section of the book with the most examples of American history. Everybody in the town of Maycomb looks down on Atticus because he is defending a black man in court. All evidence in the case shows Tom Robinson innocent, but he is still charged guilty because of the all white jury. The actual rapist was Mayella's father. In the end of the book, Tom is shot so that he wouldn't be found innocent. The part of the book that involves the most American history is the court case where Tom Robinson is found guilty just because he is black. There have been many similar cases to the Tom Robinson trial during this time in history. Most black men would have a very slim chance of being found innocent just because of their race, and the white majority. Another good example of American history in To Kill a Mockingbird, is the way the churches were run. The white people would go to their church every Sunday and worship much like the people do today. The real American history is in the black church.

Competitive advantage through employees Essay

Organizations that seek to gain competitive advantage through employees must be able to manage their performance. A 360-degree feedback process is a popular means of managing and improving organizational performance. This method means a person receives feedback from a full circle of other people who work around him or her, which includes peers, subordinates, supervisor and even themselves (Atwater & Brett, 2006). The 360-degree approach recognizes that little change can be expected without feedback, and that different constituencies are a source of rich and useful information to help managers guide their behavior. In a traditional performance evaluation, such as supervisor-subordinate, the supervisor tends to look at a person’s performance from an evaluative viewpoint. In 360-degree reviews, the purpose is more from a feedback viewpoint, which can help the organization to increase or gain competitive advantages by providing feedback to leaders and managers. For instance, a subordinate’s perspective likely will be distinctly different from that of the supervisor. Furthermore, Research has shown that 360-degree feedback can enhance communications and performance (Bernardin & Beatty, 1987). Because it gives a sense to employees that their opinions had been actively sought and heard, which ultimately led to a more open and communicative environment (Carson, 2006). However, misuse of the 360-degree feedback, can lead to hurt feelings, increased anxiety, and even loss of key personnel (Carlson, 2006). What’s more, preparation and implementation of 360-degree feedback is costly as investing time and money. And the process may generate tension between the manager and those who provide ratings (Hautaluoma, et al, 1992). Further, it may set up potential conflict by highlighting the need to be â€Å"different things to different people†. As a result, negative information becomes more powerful and difficult to deny, especially when raters agree; and easy to distort or perceive selectively, especially when raters disagree. In conclusion, regarding to the 360-degree feedback, how it can be used to add great value to organizational effectiveness and development, depends very much on the organizational culture how you implement it and how you can use the results. References: Carson, M 2006, ‘Saying it like isn’t: The pros and cons of 360-degree feedback’, Business horizons, vol. 49, pp. 395-402 Kramar, R, Bartram, T, Cieri, De Cieri, H, Noe, RA, Hollenbeck, JR, Gerhart, B, & Wright, PM, 2014, Human Resource Management in Australia,5th Edition, Mc-Graw Hill, North Ryde, NSW. Lepsinger, R. & Lucia, A.D. 1997, 360 degree feedback and performance appraisal, Minneapolis. London, M & Beatty, Richard, W 1993, ‘360-Degree Feedback as a Competitive Advantage’, Human Resource Management, vol. 32, issue 2/3, pp. 353-372, 20p, 6 Diagrams