Mba Program, California Institute Of Advanced Management

SOHAILA INTERNATIONAL Consulting Report MBA Program, California Institute of Advanced Management (CIAM) IB.501 - June 3, 2016 Elisa Magill, Ph.D. I Executive Summary Sohaila International was founded by Sohaila Zyba, a world renowned Belly Dance Professional who is the currently running and managing the business on her own. Sohaila is a very accomplished dancer with over 35 years of experience. She has traveled and performed at several international venues. Her vast experience and educational achievements have both earned her the right and provided her with the opportunity to teach others how to empower themselves through dance. Recently, Sohaila earned her Bachelor of†¦show more content†¦For the purposes of this report, the following items will be assessed in further detail and in the order demonstrated below: Executive Summary SWOT Analysis Marketing for Retreats Promotions for Online Programs Conclusion Table of Contents Executive Summary.. 2 SWOT Analysis. 5 Marketing for Retreats... 8 Promotions for Online Programs... 15 Conclusion.. 29 References... 31 II SWOT Analysis Introduction In the business world today, there is nothing more constant than change. As such, most businesses would do well to pay attention to what is going on around them in order to assess anything that may be deemed a threat or a possible opportunity. A common practice in assessing this may be performed utilizing a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) Analysis, which may be beneficial during the planning process and when designing and refining business strategy (Helms Nixon, 2010). As most large organizations perform a SWOT on a regular basis, it is also noted that entrepreneurs have been successfully utilizing this tool as well (Ames Runco, 2005). Application Sohaila International,

Is The Industry Doing Well - 1063 Words

Is the industry doing well? Are you optimistic about its future? This Pharmaceutical industry encompasses corporations that manufacture biological, medicinal and pharmaceutical products in several methods including tablets, vials, lotions, concentrates and suspensions. The general pharmaceutical market can be divided into prescription-based products and over-the-counter medications. The pharmaceutical products are primarily dispersed via wholesalers, and are then sold through pharmacies or dispensed in hospitals. The pharmaceutical industry is today one of the most lucrative and prominent world business sectors. It consists of numerous public and private organizations dedicated to the detection, development, creation and marketing of medicines for human and animal health. Its foundation is the research and development for medicinal chemicals to prevent or treat innumerable diseases and disarrays. The pharmaceutical industry mainstream of production corresponds to vaccines. Most pharmaceutical companies experience international character and mainta in subsidiaries in several nations. The pharmaceutical sector is technologically advanced, which gives employment to many college graduates with MBA degrees, biologists, biochemists, chemists, pharmacists, and physicians. These professionals perfom in the functional regions of production, quality control, research and development, marketing, human resources, and general administration. The majority of jobs within theShow MoreRelatedThe Walt Disney Company ( Dis )1243 Words   |  5 Pagesstudio entertainment, consumer products and interactive media. With an average of $43 billion dollars in annual sales, Walt Disney offers investors the benefits of a blue-chip company by being capable of a market-beating growth with estimated earnings well above the overall market growth rate. 2015 Economic outlook for The Walt Disney Company. 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Definitive Picture Internet Use Cognition -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Definitive Picture Internet Use Cognition? Answer: Introducation According to an article published by Nicholas Carr and titled Is Google Making us Stupid? What the Internet is doing to our Brains, it is quite apparent that the use of the internet is actually changing or altering the way in which human beings thing. Based on the American writer (Nicholas Carr), it is claimed that the use of the internet has not only shaped peoples lives physically, but it has also altered human brains thus leading to a lively and ongoing debate. To quote Carr, Ive had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something, has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, remapping the neural activity, reprogramming the memory (Hooper Herath, 2014). This is a clear indicator on how the use of the internet alters human brains and thinking. It is now quite apparent that lots of people across the world are also in the situation that Carr is in because they now struggle to read the physical books, something that was quite easy before the invention of psycho logy and more so the internet. Peoples concentration has now drifted to about two or only three pages due to being addicted to reading online as opposed to reading conventionally. Carrs overall argument is that it is not only the search engine or the internet that should be blamed in totality but rather, it is the ubiquitous impact that the internet has had on the networking cognitive processes of people (Citron, 2015). Carrs management was that peoples deepening dependence or reliance on the networking technologies has not only changed the way people think, but it has also changed individuals brain structure. References Citron, R. D. (2015). Book Review of The Glass Cage: Automation and Us, by Nicholas Carr. Journal of Legal Education, 64(4), 712-714. Hooper, V., Herath, C. (2014). Is Google marketing Us Stupid? The Impact of the Internet on Reading Behavior. In Bled conference (p. 1).

Effects of New Media on Traditional Media free essay sample

Looking at the impact that new media technology has had on society, there have been both positive and negative influences on the way they have effected traditional media institution. Traditional media is the communication and expression that have existed since before the advent of the new medium of the Internet. Industries that are generally considered part of the old media are broadcast and cable television, radio, movie and music studios, newspapers, magazines, books and most print publications, The music industry has evolved with the introduction of new media such as the Internet, Youth and Illegal Internet websites. The Internet has had a massive effect on the traditional medal for the music Industry, which has affected the sales and production of music. The Internet was made In 1991 and has recently come into the music industry in the past 10 years with sites such as pirate bay and programs like Limier. Pirate bay which was founded in 2003 is an illegal website which allows you to download songs and movies for free. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of New Media on Traditional Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The website Is still running because the website Is based In Sweden which allows the laws of pirating software and music. The music industry has been hit hard by this affected. Each year the Music Industry loses an estimated 4. Billion dollars. Record companies lose eighty-five percent of recordings released dont even generate enough revenue to cover their costs. Record companies depend heavily on the profitable fifteen percent of recordings to subsidize the less profitable types of music, to cover the costs of developing new artists, and to keep their businesses operational. But the positives are the rise of lesser-known artists may change the entire soundtrack of the music industry, as many of these artists dont concentrate on aging music they know people will buy, but rather music they think Is good. O putting their music on torrent sites and file sharing. Youth, one of the most used Internet sites In history was developed and launches. Youth Is a video-sharing website, created by three former Papal employees In February 2005, on which users can upload, view and share videos. You tube has equally helped and impacted the music industry. When looking at how social media has impacted the music business, major changes in production and marketing were observed. With regards to production. Artists can choose adjustor Bibber. O got his start on Youth before catching the eye of an industry insider and landing a deal. On the other hand, artists without representation can continue producing music on their own while using social media sites as a means of reaching fans and getting there name out helping the career grow. In May 2011, Youth launched Its own weekly chart, the Youth 100, which aims to track the popularity of music videos on the site In 201 3, the Billboard charts began including online streams in its Top 100 lists, allowing the popularity of Youth videos to influence the position of a song in he charts.Youth and Billboard held talks for nearly two years regarding the proposed changes. Where other ad-supported, on-demand music services have failed or been driven under by lawsuits, free music thrives on Youth in part 1 OFF Producers and artists wont take there music off because its Youth, and record labels cannot afford not to be there. Rather than pulling their music from the site, most of the major labels embraced it by creating a Joint venture with Youth were profit can be made from views because of Youths Partner program which benefits reducers and artists.This new media technology has helped the music industry grow and expand but there is also some impact that Youth such as people can listen and watch video clips and songs for free even thou the music industry still makes some money its not close to what they would make selling CD and songs on Tunes. In conclusion, there have been both positive and negative influences the way new media technology has effected traditional media institutions. My new technology is a big part of society and it will continue to imp act large way in the future.

Archetyple Heros Essays - Jungian Archetypes, Fantasy Tropes

Archetyple Heros In literature, the term archetype refers to a pattern or model of an action, a character type, or an image that recurs enough in life and literature to be considered universal. Medival heroes and modern ones share many characteristics; however, their approaches to dangers are quite different. First, the medival hero is thought to be brave. He goes out questing in search to set bad to good, rescue damsels in distress, and instore the chivalric code Might for Right. Next, the hero is often aided by the supernatural. He has the use of magical powers, wizardly weapons, and unearthly people. Sometimes in these stories, the supernatural being such as wizards, psychics, aurgers, and dwarves becomes the heros mentor or advisor. Finally, the hero does not deal with ordinary people. Usually he is serving or rescuing kings, queens, nobles, or other knights. However, the medival hero under the code of chivalry practices morality and other religious practices. The medival hero is often a symbol of good versus evil. He is highly honored but very humble. Finally referring back to the chivalric code, the medival hero does not go whacking away but instead uses his might for right. Like the medival hero, the modern hero James Bond is considered brave. He is sent out on dangerous missions rescuing women and innocent people, recovering top secret information, and stopping the villian. Next, he is aided by technology. James Bond uses state of the art, high tech gadgets and weapons to assist him on his missions. Also he is aided by many technological geniuses such as Q and Felix. Finally, James Bond does not deal with normal people. He is usually saving the world from a wealthy madman, serving the Queen of England, and rescuing rich and famous women. However, James Bond follows the code of the government. Under this code, there is no required practice of religion or morality. In all of his movies, James engages in sexual intercourse numerous times. James Bond is also thought more of a sex symbol. He is a young, strong handsome man that most everyone wants to be like. Last, James Bond is licensed to kill. This means he can kill whoever gets in his way and most of th e time he does. Medival heros and modern ones share many characteristics; however, their approaches to dangers are quite different. The term archetype is a pattern of character type that recurs enough in life and literature to be considered universal English Essays

Free Essays on Hamlet Vs Oedipus

In the play Hamlet: Prince of Denmark, a young prince is in search of the truth behind his father’s murder. At first, Hamlet sees the ghost of his deceased father and it tells him he was murdered by the now current king, Hamlet ¡Ã‚ ¦s Uncle Claudius. Hamlet has to think about how he will get revenge for his fathers death, but because his only knowledge came from a ghost that only Hamlet heard speak, he is hesitant to get his revenge quickly. Hamlet does everything he can to show others the truth he knows. It is important to Hamlet that he gets revenge but he also wants to torment the king and show everyone the truth. Hamlet knows his anger toward his Uncle may cause confusion in his judgement of the truth so he is hesitant to kill him right away. Hamlet second-guesses himself throughout the play only to end up dying, but not before he kills Claudius. In Oedipus the king, a child is born to a royal couple, this king and queen want to know how their child will be in the future. So they ask an oracle to tell them the future and it tells them he will kill his father and marry his mother. They have the child taken away to be killed, so they save themselves, but instead the child ends up in a new castle and is raised by another couple as their own child. They never tell Oedipus that he is not their own. When Oedipus hears he is to kill his father and marry his mother, he leaves his parents and searches for a new residence. Except he meets up with a man on the road and kills him. He then finds a castle that is being terrorized by a sphinx and answers the riddle it asks. He then marries the Queen and rules over the kingdom. In the end, the city is threatened by a plague that the oracle said will cease when the city gets rid of the one who murdered the king, Oedipus announces that the murderer will be punished. However, while searching fo r the truth Oedipus discovers that he is the murderer and the son of his wife. In the end, Oedipus finds h... Free Essays on Hamlet Vs Oedipus Free Essays on Hamlet Vs Oedipus In the play Hamlet: Prince of Denmark, a young prince is in search of the truth behind his father’s murder. At first, Hamlet sees the ghost of his deceased father and it tells him he was murdered by the now current king, Hamlet ¡Ã‚ ¦s Uncle Claudius. Hamlet has to think about how he will get revenge for his fathers death, but because his only knowledge came from a ghost that only Hamlet heard speak, he is hesitant to get his revenge quickly. Hamlet does everything he can to show others the truth he knows. It is important to Hamlet that he gets revenge but he also wants to torment the king and show everyone the truth. Hamlet knows his anger toward his Uncle may cause confusion in his judgement of the truth so he is hesitant to kill him right away. Hamlet second-guesses himself throughout the play only to end up dying, but not before he kills Claudius. In Oedipus the king, a child is born to a royal couple, this king and queen want to know how their child will be in the future. So they ask an oracle to tell them the future and it tells them he will kill his father and marry his mother. They have the child taken away to be killed, so they save themselves, but instead the child ends up in a new castle and is raised by another couple as their own child. They never tell Oedipus that he is not their own. When Oedipus hears he is to kill his father and marry his mother, he leaves his parents and searches for a new residence. Except he meets up with a man on the road and kills him. He then finds a castle that is being terrorized by a sphinx and answers the riddle it asks. He then marries the Queen and rules over the kingdom. In the end, the city is threatened by a plague that the oracle said will cease when the city gets rid of the one who murdered the king, Oedipus announces that the murderer will be punished. However, while searching fo r the truth Oedipus discovers that he is the murderer and the son of his wife. In the end, Oedipus finds h...

ALQAIDA TERRORIST ATTACK ON NEW YORK CITYS TIMES SQUARE DURING THE Essay

ALQAIDA TERRORIST ATTACK ON NEW YORK CITYS TIMES SQUARE DURING THE ANNUAL NEW YEARS EVE CELEBRATION USING CONCEALED IMPOVISED SPRAYING DEVICES TO DELIVER AN - Essay Example This forms the backdrop for this paper, which weighs the pros and cons on whether the al Qaeda has the motivation and capability to develop and use bio-weapons to carry out its mission of terror. A significant portion of the paper builds up the view that there is such an inclination, and that the likeliest targets are major US cities. The strongest candidate may be New York City, the possible terror attack to coincide with the traditional celebration of New Year's Eve. Part of the reasons is that in all the post-9/11 celebrations, the hundreds of thousands of Americans who joined the revelry came to challenge the terrorists to do their worst, invoking their sense of patriotism and hatred for terrorism. This constitutes a temptation that terrorists may not be able to resist. The most important section of the paper then sketches the possible actions that New York City and the federal government would take if and when such a bio-terror attack takes place. It also evaluates the wisdom and sufficiency of the preventive measures that the city and federal governments were compelled to undertake in the aftermath of 9/11 and the 2001 anthrax scare. Among the questions we want to address is the preparedness and capabilities of the city and federal health systems to deal with a large-scale bio-chemical attack, which represents the new threat to world peace and security that the world's health and defense systems have little familiarity as yet. Can the authorities act with efficiency and dispatch to minimize the loss of lives and confine the damageChapter 2 - Biochemical Weapons Biochemical weapons appeal to terrorists for three reasons: 1) they are easier and cheaper to acquire than nuclear devices and cause more casualties; 2) their effects on target population are hard to detect and counter; and 3) the threat of their use causes fear, which element the terrorists love most. The use of bio-weapons actually goes back to the siege

Try to defend dualism as a viable philosophical position. Entertain Essay

Try to defend dualism as a viable philosophical position. Entertain objections to your arguments and reply showing how dualism c - Essay Example Dualism is the concept that declares that the brain is not everything and that there is a mind that exists apart from it. In fact, the idea of dualism has extended from metaphysics to religion, psychology and phenomenology. Dualism is not only about the physical and the nonphysical; it is also about good and evil, mental states and outward behavior, as well as neural connections and physical action. One of the arguments for dualism is the Knowledge Argument, or the idea that the physical and mental substances seem to have properties which are irreconcilable, or that the mental substances have properties that can never be reduced to physical forms. Thus, as the goal of the Knowledge Argument is to argue for the existence of the â€Å"irreducible [and] immaterial nature of the mind† (Robinson), then it is an argument for dualism. In a thought experiment that demonstrates the validity of the Knowledge Argument, a scientist who is deaf from birth has learned all the perfect scient ific understanding of the mechanism of hearing, but when this scientist undergoes an operation to restore his hearing, â€Å"it is suggested that he will then learn ‘something’ he did not known before† (Robinson). ... It is true that the knowledge one has of hearing, such as its anatomical and physiological aspects – or â€Å"how to hear,† can be reduced to the physical and can be proven by physical experiments. Nevertheless, â€Å"what it is like to hear† can only remain mental and the existence of such somehow prove the validity of the Knowledge Argument and of Dualism as well. However, one objection to this argument is the idea that â€Å"physical concepts [such as â€Å"how to hear†] and phenomenal concepts [such as â€Å"what it is like to hear†] are cognitively independent† (Nida-Rumelin). Based on the previously discussed thought experiment, it is possible for the scientist to know phenomenal hearing or â€Å"what it is like to hear† simply from knowing the physical concept of â€Å"how to hear.† This therefore means that â€Å"what it is like to hear† is actually an entirely different piece of information from â€Å"how to hea r† and thus the former cannot be regarded as the irreducible mental property of the latter. My reply to this objection is that although the physical may be considered different from or unrelated to the phenomenal, the mere fact that the phenomenal is distinct from the physical is a proof that there are indeed two aspects of something: the physical and the nonphysical. The objection presented against dualism is weak as it simply evades the issue by criticizing the connection between the physical and the phenomenal. Aside from the Knowledge Argument, dualism is also argued for by the validity of predicate dualism. Predicate dualism is the concept which states that â€Å"psychological predicates are not reducible to physical

Finanical Planning Final Study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finanical Planning Final - Case Study Example Moreover, in most cases budget building opt for simplicity where budget construction relies on simple tools like excel spreadsheets, software programs and the manual way of pen and paper (Hussey, pp123-167). The sole objective of budgetary control is to map out whether there is need to redirect your finances towards selected priorities or rather dreams you consider important. Budget making always tends towards a goal such as buying a home, trip vacation, the budget helps one finds out the discipline he needs to squirrel away finance within a certain time limit. Personnel ought to reflect on a goal to be accomplished and resolve to make it come true. Majority of the populace have no clear idea on the amount of money they spend on dining out, gifts, clothing, travel and other personal care (Hussey, pp123-167). Always track such kind of expenses in specific ways and come find out actual monthly allocations for every category Susan works at Wal-mart as a cashier on the day shift (38 hours a week @ $12 hour 38 hours is full-time and Susan recently received a $0.50 per hour raise). Susan files her taxes under filing status Head of Household Medical insurance is pre-tax and covers Susan and the children 10% per month Susan considers that this is most important expense each month (Maynard, pp167-223). She will not eliminate or reduce this $82000 and 26 years remaining; 5.25% interest; original balance $87,000. Current appraised value $88,000 For Jeffrey will need to pay this until age six of balance $2200 with credit limit of $3000 and 12.6% APR with a balance of $16,000 Standard payment plan; 6.8% APR. All Direct loans of -$10,000 subsidized and $6000 unsubsidized Susan shops mainly at Aldi and buys off-brand food Susan drives a paid for 2000 Ford Escort with 92,000 miles on it. She wants to become an elementary school teacher. She has 18 credits to finish up. She did all previous credits at Columbia College in Elementary Education. Operating income in households

Analytical Test Methods in Downstream Processing

Analytical Test Methods in Downstream Processing Andrea Waldvogel Validation of Analytical Test Methods in Downstream Processing Introduction Quality, safety and efficacy are the main principles of quality assurance of biopharmaceutical drug products. Quality must be designed into the product or process since it cannot be tested into it. Therefore, a quality system must comprise of validation, change control, training, quality control and vendor assurance amongst others.1-3 An effective validation does not only provide a high degree of confidence that the finished drug product consistently and reliably meets all quality requirements but also leads to economic benefits by reducing the cost associated with process monitoring, sampling and testing.4 Biopharmaceutical companies must perform facility, utility and equipment validation/qualification, process validation, computer and computer systems validation, cleaning validation and analytical method validation.5 This project report will focus on analytical method validation, also referred to as analytical procedure validation. Analytical methods are developed to measure characteristics such as molecular identity, purity, potency, and safety of raw materials, in-process samples and final drug products and to monitor the manufacturing process. The number of tests should be adequate to show manufacturing consistency and the impact of changes on the quality of the drug product. All methods must be demonstrated to be fit for their intended purpose before they are employed.5,6 Analytical method validation means establishing documented evidence that provides high degree of assurance that a specific method, and the ancillary instruments included in the method, will consistently yield results that accurately reflect the quality characteristics of the product tested.7 This report begins by providing an overview over some of the regulations and guidelines related to analytical method validation. The second section introduces the modern lifecycle approach to method validation and section three gives an insight into analytical method validation in biopharmaceutical downstream processing. The final section concludes the report with a summary of the main points discussed. There are many different regulations, guidelines and pharmacopeial monographs concerned with analytical method validation. As it would go beyond the scope of this document to write about all of them, the report focuses on some to give an overview. 1.1 Regulations Validation is based on, but not prescribed by regulatory requirement. It is best viewed as an essential and integral part of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for the assurance of quality. Compliance with validation requirements is necessary for obtaining approval for clinical trials and to market new products.4 In the U.S. for example, 21 CFR Part 211.165(e) states8: The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of test methods employed by the firm shall be established and documented. Such validation and documentation may be accomplished in accordance with  § 211.194(a)(2). 21 CFR Part 211.194(a) (2)8: A statement of each method used in the testing of the sample. The statement shall indicate the location of data that establish that the methods used in the testing of the sample meet proper standards of accuracy and reliability as applied to the product tested. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). The suitability of all testing methods used shall be verified under actual conditions of use. The requirement of validation is also implied in 211.100(a)8: There shall be written procedures for production and process control designed to assure that the drug products have the identity, strength, quality, and purity they purport or are represented to possess. 1.2 Guidelines The first guidance documents on analytical method validation were published in the 1990s. In the course of time, a lot of revision activity has taken place allowing the incorporation of new approaches to science. The harmonised ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology guideline, issued in 2005, is considered the primary reference for recommendations and definitions on validation characteristics for analytical procedures and has tended to take on the role of a regulatory expectation. In the United States, it has been used as a guidance along with the related compendial documents USP Analytical Procedure Validation, Analytical Procedure Verification, and Analytical Procedure Transfer. However, those documents do not provide support for the users to accurately understand and control sources of variability.6,9 In 2013, a Stimuli to the Revision Process paper on Lifecycle Management of Analytical Procedures published by the USP Validation and Verification Expert Panel proposed a Quality by Design (QbD) approach to method development, validation, and performance verification of an analytical method via a lifecycle concept. They suggested that the traditional approaches outlined in the U.S. Pharmacopeial monographs , , and should be revised and assembled into a single new general information chapter Lifecycle Management of Analytical Procedures and a new general chapter specifying the basic requirements. This would, for the first time, formally link method development and method validation within pharmacopeia.6,10 In 2016, a general chapter prospectus on The Analytical Procedure Lifecycle was posted on the U.S. Pharmacopeial Notices and a draft of a new USP General Chapter Statistical Tools for Procedure Validation was published in the U.S. Pharmacopeial Forum (U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention).11,12 In August 2017, a new general USP Chapter Validation of Compendial Methods will become official. This is an effort to better align the validation concept with the revised FDA guidance for industry Analytical Procedures and Methods Validation for Drugs and Biologics issued in 2015. However, instead of including a section on Lifecycle Management of Analytical Procedures only a reference has been added. Depending on the development of the chapters and , USP may be revised again.13 Growing awareness that the implementation of an analytical method with adequate quality steps designed into the procedure during the development phase led to the development of a lifecycle approach for analytical procedure validation.10 2.1 Stages of the Modern Lifecycle Approach The modern lifecycle approach is based on the Quality by Design (QbD) approach outlined in ICH Q8(R2) guideline and defines activities and deliverables for every stage of method validation. The following diagram provides an overview. Figure 1: QbD Approach for Analytical Methods 2.1.1 Stage 1: Procedure Design, Development, and Understanding To be able to design quality into a method to ensure that the method is reliable and meets the analytical target profile (ATP) defined at the beginning of this stage, an understanding of how the procedure works is key. Risk assessment should be undertaken to identify variables that could have an influence on the method. The knowledge of variables and their impact is not only important for the development of a control strategy but also for the determination of a design space. The design space will reduce the amount of revalidation work considerably when the method is used operationally. Key elements of this stage are shown in Figure 1 no. 1-3.10 Proper method development including the evaluation of robustness is essential for an effective analytical procedure.10 Robustness is a measure of the methods capacity to remain unaffected by small variations in method parameters and provides an indication of its reliability during normal usage.9 At this stage, system suitability parameters are established which help to ensure that the analytical method remains valid whenever used.9 Without developing a robust method and an understanding of how a change of key parameters will impact its performance, the actual method validation step will be difficult.10 2.1.2 Stage 2: Procedure Performance Qualification The lifecycle approach uses the term procedure performance qualification instead of method validation. Procedure performance qualification is the verification of the performance of the analytical procedure (either a new one or a revised procedure) against the requirements of the ATP.10 If the procedure development has been done correctly, this step should simply be a confirmation that it is fit for the intended purpose. In cases where further controls need to be added to ensure reliable results the analytical control strategy, developed during stage 1, will need an update.10 Method validation work should be performed by a user laboratory under the same conditions as it will be used to comply with existing GMP regulations.10 2.1.3 Stage 3: Implementation and Continued Procedure Performance Verification This stage involves checking how the procedure works during operational use and that it remains in a state of control.10 For this purpose, inputs on reliability and performance of the method gathered from operators and customer complaints will be evaluated. Performance indicators such as system suitability, quality control samples and out-of-specification (OOS) results are tracked and trended.10 The method should be continually improved through corrective and preventive action to reduce the number of out-of-specification (OOS) results. Any change to improve the overall performance needs to be assessed using change control procedures. As shown in Figure 3, the nature of the change specifies what actions have to be taken.6,10,14 Figure 2: Change Types and appropriate Actions 2.2 Traditional (Current) Approach vs Lifecycle Approach In their Stimuli to Revision paper, the USP Expert Panel recommends the adoption of a lifecycle approach for the management of analytical procedures. In their conclusion, they outline the advantages of a lifecycle approach by comparing it to the traditional (current) approach to analytical procedure validation (Figure 1).6 Downstream processing in biopharmaceutical manufacturing involves many steps from recovery over purification to fill finish. Next to in-process monitoring of process parameters such as pH and temperature, analytical testing for the determination of quantity, identity, strength, potency, purity (product- and process related impurities), bioburden and endotoxin has to be performed on raw materials, intermediates, drug substances and finished drug products. Some of the analytical methods in downstream processing are HPLC, gel electrophoresis, PCR, ELISA, Bradford, hemagglutination (HA) and plaque assay. All critical steps in a process have to be validated and less critical steps have to be under control. The criticality of an analytical method is determined by risk assessment. There are various ways to perform method validation. The manufacturer is responsible for choosing the suitable validation procedure and justifying it.1,7,9 3.1 Types of Analytical Procedures The four most common types of analytical procedures are identification tests, qualitative and quantitative tests for impurities and assay. Assay involves the quantitative measurement of the major component(s) in the drug substance and drug product.9 3.2 Team Selection The validation project manager is responsible for the selection of a Cross-Functional-Team (CFT) from various related departments and functional areas. He or she is also in charge of assigning responsibilities and assuring that all personnel involved are trained properly.7 3.3 Analytical Method Validation Protocol The first step in method validation is the preparation of a protocol that defines the work to be done to demonstrate that the method is fit for its intended use.7,10 The analytical method validation protocol should contain the following sections: Purpose Short description of what is to be accomplished Scope of the project specifying the test methods and products Overview General description of the test method Summary of the characterisation studies Identification of method type and validation approach Test method applications and validation protocol Intended use of each test method application Analytical performance characteristics for each test method application Resources End user laboratory where the method validation is to be performed Equipment and materials to be used in the method validation Special instructions on handling, stability, and storage for each material Appendices References, signature, and a review worksheet for all personnel Specific tasks for all personnel and documentation of their training Listings of all equipment and software necessary to perform the method validation Document and materials worksheets used in method validation Test method procedures (SOPs) Before the method validation can begin the protocol must be agreed upon by the CFT and approved.7 3.4 Performance Characteristics Tests Performance characteristics and their acceptance criteria are defined during the characterisation studies at the development stage of the analytical method. Depending on the method and its intended use, some performance characteristics tests may be omitted, the number of replicates may be increased or reduced, or acceptance criteria may be adapted. All decisions have to be based on scientifically sound judgment. It is important that well characterised reference materials, with documented purity, are used for testing performance characteristics.7,9 The following table outlines the performance characteristics and their meaning, test procedures, how data should be reported and acceptance criteria according to ICH Q2(R1) and FDA Guidance for Industry on Analytical Procedures and Method Validation. Accuracy Closeness of test results to the true value For drug substances, accuracy measurements are obtained by comparing test results to the analysis of a standard reference material or to a second, well-characterized method. For drug products, accuracy is evaluated by analysing synthetic mixtures (containing all excipient materials in the correct proportions) spiked with known quantities of analyte. Guidelines recommend that data be collected from a minimum of nine determinations over at least three concentration levels covering the specified range. The data should be reported as the percent recovery of the known, added amount, or as the difference between the mean and true value with confidence intervals (such as  ±1 SD). Acceptability criteria are defined by end users but rarely fall outside 97-103% of the nominal value. Statistical analysis can be applied using a one sample t-test. Precision Degree of agreement among test results when the method is applied repeatedly to multiple samplings of a homogeneous sample Precision is commonly described in terms of repeatability, intermediate precision, and reproducibility: Repeatability is investigated by analysing a minimum of nine determinations using the same equipment and sample, covering the specified range of the procedure, or a minimum of six determinations at 100% of the test concentration and reported as percent relative standard deviation (RSD). Intermediate precision refers to the agreement among the results from a single laboratory, despite potential variations in sample preparation, analysts, or equipment. Reproducibility refers to the agreement among the results from different laboratories. Results are reported as % RSD, and the percent difference in the mean values between the analysts must be within specifications. Less than 2% RSD is often recommended, but less than 5% RSD can be acceptable for minor components. Specifity Ability to measure accurately and specifically the analyte of interest in the presence of other components In drug assays, specificity takes into account the degree of interference from other active ingredients, excipients, impurities, degradation products, or matrices. In chromatography, it ensures that a chromatographic peak corresponds to a single component. Specificity can be demonstrated by the resolution between peaks of interest. Limit of detection (LOD) Lowest concentration of an analyte in a sample that can be detected In a chromatography laboratory, the most common way to determine both the LOD and the LOQ is using signal-to-noise ratios (S/N), commonly 3:1 for LOD and 10:1 for LOQ. An appropriate number of samples must be analyzed to fully validate the method performance at the limit. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) Lowest concentration of an analyte in a sample that can be quantified with acceptable precision and accuracy under the stated operational conditions of the method Linearity Ability of a method to provide results that are directly proportional to analyte concentration within a given range Guidelines specify that a minimum of five concentration levels be used to determine the range and linearity, along with certain minimum specified ranges depending on the type of method. The range is normally expressed in the same units as the test results obtained by the method (for example, nanograms per millilitre). Data to be reported generally include the equation for the calibration curve line, the coefficient of determination (r 2), residuals, and the curve itself. Range Interval between the upper and lower concentrations of an analyte that have been demonstrated to be determined with acceptable precision, accuracy, and linearity using the method Robustness Measure of a methods capacity to obtain comparable and acceptable results when perturbed by small but deliberate variations in procedural parameters It provides an indication of the methods suitability and reliability during normal use. During a robustness study, method parameters (such as eluent composition, gradient, and detector settings) are intentionally varied to study the effects on analytical results. Common chromatography parameters used to measure and document robustness include critical peak pair resolution (R s), plate number (N) or peak width in gradient elution, retention time (t R), tailing factor (T F), peak area (and height) and concentration. Robustness studies are expected to be done during method development. Table 7 gives an overview of the performance characteristic tests that have to be performed on different types of analytical procedures.9 Figure 6: Performance Characteristic tests performed on different Types of Analytical Procedures The performance characteristics are evaluated by comparing the results to the specifications defined at the development stage. An analytical method is considered to be validated when it meets the specifications defined at the development stage. Once an analytical method has been made a formal part of the manufacturing process, it is extremely difficult to remove it. In the event of changes in the drug substance, the composition of the finished product and in the analytical procedure, revalidation may be necessary.5,7,9 3.5 Validation Documentation Every validation step needs to be documented to be able to provide written evidence to the regulatory authorities that a specific method is fit for its purpose. Documentation associated with method validation are validation protocols, standard operating procedures (SOPs), specifications and validation reports. Downstream processing in biopharmaceutical manufacturing involves many analytical methods which help to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of the final drug product. Development, validation and control of a robust analytical method is a lengthy and difficult task. However, without written evidence that an analytical method is fit for its intended use the company will not obtain a marketing authorisation. Over time, many guidelines and pharmacopeial monographs have been issued and a lot of revision activity has happened especially following the Stimuli to Revision paper published in 2013. Even though, no comprehensive guideline or monograph incorporating the modern lifecycle approach has been issued yet. Although proper development of robust and effective analytical methods is more time-consuming and expensive, it has many advantages. It leads to more efficient validation, variability is reduced and controlled and analytical method-related out-of-specification results and failure investigation are minimised. Additionally, changing method parameters within the design space facilitates continual improvement as it does not require regulatory re-approval. Validation is a team effort. Members of the CFT need to be properly trained. Their first and most demanding task is the preparation of a protocol which defines the scope of the validation project and provides all details necessary for a successful validation. It also defines, depending on the type of the analytical procedure, which performance characteristics need to be tested. The use of well characterised reference materials with known purity is important. Analytical method validation is considered to be complete when all acceptance criteria are met and a validation report has been written.       Bibliography References 1 Choudhary, A. (2009). Validation in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Pharmaceutical Guideline. [Accessed on 1 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.pharmaguideline.com/2010/12/validation.html 2 International Conference on Harmonization (2009). Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: ICH Q8(R2) Pharmaceutical Development. [Accessed on 1 March 2017]. Available on Internet: https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q8_R1/Step4/Q8_R2_Guideline.pdf 3 Stockbridge, P. (2008). Biopharmaceutical Fill and Finish: Technical and Operating Challenges for the Latest Formulations and Devices. BioProcess International. [Accessed on 7 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.bioprocessintl.com/2008/biopharmaceutical-quality-assurance-184041/ 4 Nandhakumar, L.; Dharmamoorthy, G.; Rameshkumar, S.; Chandrasekaran, S. (2011). An Overview of Pharmaceutical Validation: Quality Assurance View Point. IJRPC, 1(4). [Accessed on 1 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.caidat.org/m4atomp3/2561456335400862.pdf 5 Lutz, H. (2005). Introduction to Validation of Biopharmaceuticals. BioPharm International. [Accessed on 1 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.biopharminternational.com/introduction-validation-biopharmaceuticals 6 USP Validation and Verification Expert Panel (2013). Lifecycle Management of Analytical Procedures: Method Development, Procedure Performance Qualification, and Procedure Performance Verification. Stimuli to the Revision Process Article. [Accessed on 1 March 2017]. Available on Internet: https://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/USPNF/revisions/lifecycle_pdf.pdf 7 Shabir, G. A. (2004). Step-by-Step Analytical Methods Validation and Protocol in the Quality System Compliance Industry. IVT Network: Analytical Method Validation, pp. 4-14. [Accessed on 2 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.ivtnetwork.com/sites/default/files/Analytical%20Method%20Validation.pdf 8 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 211.165(e), 211.194(a) and 211.100(a). [Accessed on 2 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=211 9 International Conference on Harmonization (2005). Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures, Text and Methodology. [Accessed on 1 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.ich.org/products/guidelines/quality/article/quality-guidelines.html 10 McDowall, R. D. (2014). GLP and GMP Approaches to Method Validation Going the same Way?. Spectroscopy, 29(4). [Accessed on 1 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.spectroscopyonline.com/glp-and-gmp-approaches-method-validation-going-same-way 11 U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (2016). General Chapter Prospectus: The Analytical Procedure Lifecycle. USP-NF, Notices. [Accessed on 2 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.usp.org/usp-nf/notices/1220-analytical-procedure-lifecycle 12 U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (2014). New USP requirements for Analytical Method Validation. USP-NF, Notices. [Accessed on 2 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.usp.org/usp-nf/pharmacopeial-forum 13 ECA Academy (2017). Revised USP Chapter Validation of Compendial Methods approved. [Accessed on 2 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.gmp-compliance.org/gmp-news/revised-usp-chapter-1225-validation-of-compendial-methods-approved 14 Huber, L. (2015). Recent Updates and Trends in Analytical Method Validation. PPP of The Agilent Critical Compliance Seminar. [Accessed on 7 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.agilent.com/cs/library/flyers/Public/Recent_regulatory_updates_and_trends_in_analytical_method_validation.pdf Illustrations Figure 1: Huber, L. (2015). Recent Updates and Trends in Analytical Method Validation. PPP of The Agilent Critical Compliance Seminar. [Accessed on 7 March 2017]. Available on Internet: http://www.agilent.com/cs/library/fl

Interview With a Human Resources Manger Essay -- Interview Essay

I have taken an interview of the Human Resources Manager Mr. John Smith of a respected University. I asked him to come for a coffee at Starbucks coffee shop. He did not refuse me and came at time. First, I shared my course content and whatever I knew about course and career. I started with explaining many things regarding human resource management, as he is the most competent Human Resources Manager in my eyes. I started by describing about what our College is teaching about Human Resource Management. A. Thesis Statement Reflection, research, and mentorship help to embrace truth for our benefit, which helps to become individuals that are more authentic. An effective leader knows his or her own strengths and weaknesses, passions and obligations, and is always learning better to manage his or her own emotions, faults, and challenges. II. Discussion With that interview, I have learnt a lot of leadership styles and motivational theories, which I studied in my University lectures from Mr. John. This paper is the reflection of what I learnt from him. A. Effective Leadership The leadership is a result of a combination of traits, with special emphasis on the personal qualities of the leader, which he should possess certain personality traits that would be special facilitators in leadership performance. This theory shows that leaders are born as such, there is no likelihood of 'making' them later with personal development techniques. The vision of leadership that leaders are born made, and not learn to be leaders is still considered but not popular among researchers (Avolio et al, 2013). 1. Traits The trait theory prevailed until the forties, passing these characteristics to be studied within a universalistic perspective.... ...ted Bedford, C., & Gehlert, K. M. (2013). Situational Supervision: Applying Situational Leadership to Clinical Supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 32(1), 56-69. Peus, C., Braun, S., & Frey, D. (2013). Situation-based measurement of the full range of leadership model—Development and validation of a situational judgment test. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(5), 777-795. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Li, N. (2013). The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), 132-153. Avolio, B. J., & Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013). Transformational and Charismatic Leadership:: the Road Ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Sternberg, R. J. (2013). Perspectives: Leadership Styles for Academic Administrators: What Works When?. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 45(5), 24-27.

What Is Cybercrime?

Cybercrime, or PC arranged wrongdoing, is wrongdoing that includes a PC and a network. The PC may have been utilized in the commission of a wrongdoing, or it might be the target. Cybercrimes can be characterized as: â€Å"Offenses that are perpetrated against people or gatherings of people with a criminal thought process to purposefully hurt the notoriety of the person in question or cause physical or mental damage, or misfortune, to the casualty straightforwardly or in a roundabout way, utilizing current media transmission systems, for example, Web (systems including however not restricted to Visit rooms, messages, see sheets and gatherings) and cell phones (Bluetooth/SMS/MMS)†. Cybercrime may undermine a man or a country's security and monetary health. Issues encompassing these kinds of violations have turned out to be prominent, especially those encompassing hacking, copyright encroachment, unjustifiable mass-reconnaissance, sextortion, youngster erotic entertainment, and kid grooming. There are additionally issues of protection when private data is blocked or unveiled, legitimately or something else. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar additionally characterize cybercrime from the point of view of sex and characterized ‘cybercrime against ladies' as â€Å"Wrongdoings focused against ladies with a rationale to deliberately hurt the casualty mentally and physically, utilizing current media transmission systems, for example, web and versatile phones†. Universally, both administrative and non-state performers participate in cybercrimes, including secret activities, budgetary burglary, and different cross-outskirt violations. Cybercrimes crossing global outskirts and including the activities of no less than one country state is now and then alluded to as cyber warfare.TYPES OF CYBERCRIMEIDENTITY THEFT OR INVANSION OF PRIVACYCybercrime influences both a virtual and a genuine body, however the impacts upon each are unique. This wonder is clearest on account of fraud. In the Assembled States, for instance, people don't have an official personality card yet a Standardized savin gs number that has since quite a while ago filled in as a true recognizable proof number.INTERNET FRAUDPlans to cheat customers flourish on the Web. Among the most well known is the Nigerian, or â€Å"419,† trick; the number is a reference to the area of Nigerian law that the trick damages. In spite of the fact that this con has been utilized with both fax and conventional mail, it has been given new life by the Web. In the plan, an individual gets an email affirming that the sender requires help in exchanging an extensive aggregate of cash out of Nigeria or another far off nation. More often than not, this cash is as a benefit that will be sold, for example, oil, or a lot of money that expects â€Å"laundering† to cover its source; the varieties are interminable, and new specifics are continually being produced. The message requests that the beneficiary take care of some expense of moving the assets out of the nation as an end-result of accepting a considerably bigger whole of cash sooner rather than later. Should the beneficiary react with a check or cash arrange, he is informed that confusions have grown; more cash is required. After some time, casualties can lose a large number of dollars that are completely unrecoverable.ATM FRAUDPCs additionally make more unremarkable sorts of misrepresentation conceivable. Take the robotized teller machine (ATM) through which numerous individuals currently get money. With a specific end goal to get to a record, a client supplies a card and individual recognizable proof number (Stick). Crooks have created intends to capture both the information on the card's attractive strip and in addition the client's Stick. Thus, the data is utilized to make counterfeit cards that are then used to pull back assets from the clueless person's record.WIRE FRAUDThe INTER NATIONAL idea of cybercrime is especially apparent with wire extortion. One of the biggest and best-sorted out wire extortion plans was coordinated by Vladimir Levin, a Russian developer with a PC programming firm in St. Petersburg.FILE SHARING PIRACYThrough the 1990s, offers of minimized circles (Albums) were the real wellspring of income for chronicle organizations. In spite of the fact that theft—that is, the unlawful duplication of copyrighted materials—had dependably been an issue, particularly in the Far East, the multiplication on school grounds of reasonable PCs equipped for catching music off Cds and sharing them over fast (â€Å"broadband†) Web associations turned into the account business' most noteworthy bad dream. In the Unified States, the account business, spoken to by the Chronicle Business Relationship of America (RIAA), assaulted a solitary document sharing administration, Napster, which from 1999 to 2001 permitted clients over the Web access to music records, put away in the information pressure organize known as MP3, on other clients' PCs by method for Napster's focal PC. As per the RIAA, Napster clients frequently abused the copyright of account specialists, and the administration needed to stop. For clients, the issues were not all that obvious. At the centre of the Napster case was the issue of reasonable utilize. People who had bought a Compact disc were obviously permitted to tune in to the music, regardless of whether in their home stereo, vehicle sound framework, or PC. What they didn't have the privilege to do, contended the RIAA, was to make the Cd accessible to a huge number of other people who could make an ideal computerized duplicate of the music and make their own Compact discs.COUNTERFEITING AND FORGERYRecord sharing of licensed innovation is just a single part of the issue with duplicates. Another more unremarkable angle lies in the capacity of computerized gadgets to render about ideal duplicates of material ancient rarities. Take the conventional wrongdoing of forging. As of not long ago, making acceptable cash required a lot of abil ity and access to advancements that people more often than not don't claim, for example, printing squeezes, etching plates, and uncommon inks. The coming of cheap, top notch shading copiers and printers has conveyed forging to the majority. Ink-stream printers currently represent a developing level of the fake money seized by the U.S. Mystery Administration.

Lab Report Essay

Lab Report Essay Lab Report Essay CO2 Laboratory Report Hypothesis: In order to successfully figure out the CO2 production of yeast and sucrose, I will change the temperatures of the environment at which it can stop, increase, or slow down the rate of production. Methods and Materials: →Prepare the Yeast In preparation for the yeast, two table spoons of yeast were measured out onto a piece of filter paper. The yeast was transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask and 200mL of warm water was added to the flask. The contents within the flask were stirred with a stirring rod until all the yeast had been dissolved. →Prepare the Flasks Using a graduated cylinder, 20mL of 5% sucrose was measured out with a plastic pipette and the glucose was placed into a single fermentation flask. 20mL of glucose was then measured out and added to six of the eight fermentation flasks. The remaining two flasks were filled with 20mL of water. 20mL of yeast was measured from the Erlenmeyer flask with a graduated cylinder and this step had been repeated until all eight flasks contained 20mL of yeast. Using paper towels to cover the hole of the fermentation flask, each flask was inverted until the solution was mixed entirely, leaving no air bubble at the to p. →Change the Temperature Two of the glucose flasks were placed in an incubator at 35 degrees Celsius, two different glucose flasks were placed in a freezer at 5 degrees Celsius, and the remaining two glucose flasks remained at room temperature, as well as the two flasks contained with only water and yeast. Each flask remained in each environment for thirty minutes having used a stop watch. →Measure the COâ‚‚ Bubble and Record Data Once the 30 minutes was up, the flasks were marked with a marker at the point where the bottom of the COâ‚‚ bubble ended, and then the flasks were taken out of the incubator and freezer. Once everything was on the table, a ruler was used to measure the length of the COâ‚‚ bubble, made by the marker, and then the information was recorded to a date table. Results: In this experiment Co2 was produced from the breaking down of sucrose from the enzymes in the yeast to create ATP. The temperature of the environments were at three different states ( 27 degrees Celsius, 5 degrees Celsius, and 35 degrees Celsius) in order to track if fermentation occurred at a faster, slower, or normal rate as before. Measured from the top of the CO2 bubble to the bottom of the CO2 bubble, the two flasks in the 27⠁ ° C environment measured: 9.2cm and 10.9cm, the two flasks in the 35⠁ °C environment measured: 12.2cm and 11.5cm, and the two flasks in the 5⠁ ° C environment measured: .6cm and .9cm, and the two flasks in the 27⠁ ° C environment with water did not produce a CO2 bubble. Table 1: Results of Co2 emissions. Figure 1: Figure Legend: This figure shows the size of CO2 bubble emissions in centimeters in each temperature environment. Discussion: In order to successfully figure out the CO2 production of yeast and sucrose, the temperatures of the three environments were changed in order to see that the CO2 production stops, increases or slows the rate it is produced. "Temperature changes have profound effects upon living things. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are especially sensitive

buy custom The Guri Dam essay

buy custom The Guri Dam essay The Guri Dam in Venezuela measuring 7,426m in length and 162m in height is the third largest hydroelectric plant in the world. With an installed capacity of 10,200 MW, it catered to about 73% of Venezuelas electricity demand. This dependence started posing a major problem when Venezuela was hit by a prolonged drought attributed to El Nio in 2010. The government was forced to implement 2 hour black outs everyday throughout the country to make up for the low water levels behind the dam.The water levels dropped to about 248.22m above sea level. The declining water levels meant the turbines had to work harder to generate electricity thus giving rise to a water vortex which in turn would cause water bubbles to get sucked in and move up to the water blades. This process could eat away at the metal plates a process called cavitation. The cavitation could cause massive vibrations that can be felt throughout the plant. If the turbine is shut down quickly enough there could be an explosion e ventually leading to complete shutdown of the plant. The vibrations were beginning to affect Unit 8 of the Guri Dam; it had to be shut down, leading to an electric cut down of 400MW.Though the mid-April rains in 2010 led Venezuelan officials to believe that they could survive the crisis, water level in the dam continued its descent. There was a drop of about 76cm in the water level in a span of two weeks. Venezuela expected to be blessed with rain at least in May (the start of the rainy season), but El Nino did not will so. The drought prolonged, leading to more complications.(Juan Mabromata 2010)The current project to try and restore water levels to the Guri Dam is named involves the technological modification of the dam so that it can last another thirty years without any major problems. This has come in the wake of a serious electric blackout and electrical rationing in Venezuela. While they cannot do anything but wait and watch the different colors of the El Nino, they can prepa re themselves for the worst, or the best hopefully.RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATIONS TO RESOLVE THE ISSUE Electrical rationing plans began to be implemented in order to keep the water level above 240m above sea level; consequently preventing a complete shutdown and the halt of operations. As a result of this, Venezuela has had to bear the brunt of widespread electrical shortages and blackouts; apart from being a discomfort to the citizens it also proved to be a hit to Venezuelas economy. The water levels at the Guri Dam are a major determinant of Venezuelas future. In the pages that follow we aim to look into a few more aspects of the crisis and its management.(ICIS News 2010)The future of the Guri Dam does depend on nature to a large extent. Here we attempt to look at what improvements can be made to the construction or design of the dam such that it functions without any glitches in conditions of compromised water levels as well.The Guri dam is a gravity type dam. The spillways are three-chute concrete spillways and each chute consists of an overflow gated crest, a step chute and a ter minal flip bucket. The spillway flow occurs through a bucket which projects a highly arched jet of water that falls into the tail water pool. The tail water pool is responsible for the final dissipation of energy.In 1969 it was observed that the lips of the bucket and the ends of the side training walls were showing signs of scouring/erosion. An investigation on the same led to Harza Engineering suggesting the CVG to restore the damaged areas with epoxy concrete and epoxy protective coatings. The repairs were made in early 1970, but investigations in late 1970 showed greater damage in the form of renewed scouring. Further field inspections revealed that the damage was happening due to cavitation and was not self-arresting. This indeed could prove to be hazardous if not handled appropriately.The St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory of the University of Minnesota started an experimental study aimed at determining the mechanism of damage and proposed modifications to the existing des ign. It started with an analysis of the existing structure and went on to Model Investigation Tests.The analysis of the existing structure took into consideration the discharge, lateral tail water flow, chute velocities, vortex cavity sources and the tail water stages.1.1 DISCHARGEIt was observed that the maximum design capacity of the spillway was 40,000 cms at an 88m head drop and the energy contained in the flows of the Guri Dam at the point of exit from the flip bucket was 46,000,000 hp. This could cause enormous damage.1.2 LATERAL TAIL WATER FLOWHigh discharges of waste water from the spillway were generating a large clockwise vortex which substantially affected the lateral pool velocity across the ends of the flip bucket. This lateral flow was proving to be a significant factor in spillway damage.1.3 VORTEX CAVITY SOURCESA traveling vapor cavity of relatively small size was found to be a common cause of cavitation damage.1.4 TAILWATER STAGESThe tail water stages were found to be unusually large. This required more attention because the stage level of the tail water pool substantially impacted the pressure values which in turn played a role in cavitation damage.It was also observed that there existed Sill Damage and Wall Damage. The bucket lips which were the principal controllers of the location of the final dissipation of the flow of energy had lost quite a significant volume of concrete due to erosive removal of the same. The disintegration of bucket lips could threaten the existence of the entire structure. Though wall damage was seen to be occurring simultaneously, it did not require emergency status because it did not threaten the structure of the dam. It was stated that a solution that addressed the more serious issue of sill damage would automatically remedy the wall damage issue.Model investigation tests conducted in a Variable Pressure Test Facility which allowed the modeling of the cavitation process helped gather more insight into the issues a nd their impending threats to the dam, the ecosystem and the people in the area.SOLUTIONSA combination of high velocity flows and pressure levels below one-half atmosphere will certainly lead to erosion. At the Guri dam erosion was mainly observed in areas with pulsating negative pressure values greater than one half atmospheres. The turbulence due to flow overtopping in the bucket side wall strongly contributed to the negative pressure pulsations. An increase in the height of the walls was suggested to reduce or rather eliminate the source of low pressure.The other solutions suggested to improve the engineering of the Guri Dam included routing the flow via a reduced number of chutes, increasing flow depth, lowering the tail water to reduce back-up in the bucket and reforming the lip shape and fabricating it with highly cavitation resistant metal that could also bear the resistance of the water to reduce cavitation damage. Stainless Steel in its most preferable form was suggested. If these solutions could be implemented, the biggest problem that the Guri Dam is facing can be reduced to a great extent.The study also suggested operating with a deeper flow in the bucket and depressing the tail water stage to eliminate the turbulent water jump in the downstream end of the bucket. Rebuilding the bucket to raise the lip above all normal tail water stages, though an expensive option could be carefully considered to reduce tail water back up effects.Reviewing and reducing the number of gates and gate openings could minimize the generation of discrete waves and turbulence centers that contribute to the damage of the lip. Minimizing boundary areas possessing low mean static pressure as a result of high velocity will also help reduce damage to the lip of the bucket.Elevation of the sill to a position above the tail water will nullify the influence of lateral flow that contributes to cavitation damage. (Ripken Warren 1972)ROLE OF POLITICSPresident Hugo Chavez maintained that the current electricity crisis that Venezuela is battling is the result of the El Nino, but critics do not agree. Chavez and his government are being blamed for sheer lack of planning, corruption and swindling of the resources allocated for the construction of the Guri Dam. The money was not invested in the infrastructure of the dam.Even in the wake of a crisis and technological modification the government does not seem to have realized its mistake. The corruption in the electricity sector has impacted engineers ability to repair the electricity issue in time to avoid a crisis. It is too late now. The receipts for the electricity equipment were highly inflated so that government officials could keep a good amount of the money, there were mismatch between the requirement specifications and the equipment ordered the officials placing the orders did not consult with the engineers. Much of the purchased material is said to be unusable till date.Research shows that only 25-30% of the funds approved for infrastructure upgrades were put to intended use. However Rodriguez stated that the government had invested about $16.5 billion to help the electrical sector keep up with the rising consumer demand most of them were long term projects with no immediate solutions. (Fox News 2010) (Fabiola Sanchez 2010)Brazilian contract workers who are threatening to abandon the technical modification unless they receive their paychecks claim that they have not been paid (by EDELCA). Venezuela would be in a serious spot if the Brazilians left, taking their technical expertise with them. Even though the issue seems to have come up in one of Chavezs meeting with the Brazilian President, there seems to be no change in the situation and the payment dispute remains unresolved.(Juan Mabroamata 2010)Whether the Guri Dam turns out to be as successful as predicted or no, whether Chavez has minimized the impacts of the crisis or no and whether the Venezuelans can trust Chavez and his go vernment with their lives and land or no is a matter of whether it will rain or no. If yes, would that be enough to reverse the environmental impact of the Guri Dam, to refill the dam and restore normality to the lives of the Venezuelans?RELATED CONCERNS 4.1 ENVIRONMENTFor millions of years the warm waters of the Caribbean caused huge quantities of moisture to rise up into the air and drift southwest to Venezuelas plains. When the wet air hit the Andes mountain range, it resulted in a lot of rain. It was this kind of rain that formed rivers like the Ornica that fed all their water back to the oceans. This cycle gave rise to the rain-soaked tropical jungle, that later became the venue for the Guri Dam because of its ideal conditions. The dam was constructed with the aim of harnessing hydroelectric power and making Venezuela independent from the use of fossil fuels. However, the construction of the dam and the dam itself altered the rainfall pattern in the area leading to the presen t drought. This will turn into a vicious cycle if alternative measures are not taken.(Alex Lu 2011)4.2 ECONOMIC CONDITION/ GLOBALIZATIONThe decreased water levels behind the Guri Dam have led to electricity rationing. Industries are short of power, manufacturing and other markets are strongly hit as a result of electric shortages and black outs. People are asked to work for shorter durations so that power can be saved. Rollout electric shortages are being implemented to keep the water level at at least 240m above sea level so that the hydroelectric plant continues to function in hopes of recovering one day. Shopping Malls and most other business are allowed to start business only after 11 AM and function for lesser durations. If the scenario persists, it is only a matter time before Venezuela is severely crippled.President Chavez promulgated the construction of the Guri Dam with a view to moving towards a more Green Policy and reducing his countrys dependence on fossil fuels. It cat ered to about 73% of the electricity demand in Venezuela. However it failed to take into consideration the disastrous environmental impact that it was to have. The very basis of the dam the rain forest and the rivers were affected, there were no rains and there was no water in the river, then where was the water for the dam to come from?In an attempt to maximize the use of hydroelectric power Venezuela ended up in a crisis that crippled it economically, environmentally and most of personally. Life in Venezuela is not what it was before Guri Dam, not what they expected it to be after Guri Dam and can never be expected to be either of them, again. The activities of the Venezuelan government should be directed towards technically modifying the dam, minimizing its effects on the environment, developing alternative sources of energy so that they are not dependent on just one source, eliminating corruption and keeping in mind the larger picture of the project, because what Venezuela has lost from nature she cannot reclaim.The proposed modifications of the dam if carried out in time and appropriately can prevent any further disasters. 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Discuss the ways in which globalisation has changed work patterns and Essay

Discuss the ways in which globalisation has changed work patterns and labour structures - Essay Example The recent discussions on globalization involve the arguments on its existence, the importance given to it today as compared to the past, the change in the concept of nation and citizenship because of globalization, the importance of globalization as against regionalism and localism. In addition a crucial debate is continuously rising on weighing the positive and negative impacts of globalization and exploring the people who are directly or indirectly influenced by the changes brought in by this concept. Globalization is a comprehensive and broad topic and covers a huge list of important issues including economic, social, political, cultural, religious and moral etc. The definition of globalization is also defined in the light of all these perspectives. As it is defined by James Rosenau, a political scientist, as "a label that is presently in vogue to account for peoples, activities, norms, ideas, goods, services, and currencies that are decreasingly confined to a particular geograph ic space and its local and established practices" (1997, p.360). Most of the researchers bordered their research on the economic impacts of globalization. ... The microeconomic effects refer to the technological advancements and the impact at individual firm levels, whereas, the macroeconomic effects involve the collaborative analysis of markets for business purposes (Oman, 1994). Pros and Cons of Globalization All countries experience some positive and some negative influences of more and more integration in the world economy. Pros of Globalization The list of positive aspects of globalization includes the excess availability of external finance. This excess amount of finance is helpful especially for the developing countries. The excess availability of excess finance from external sources is evidenced by the IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook and World Bank, Global Development Finance, 1999. For instance the increase in capital flows is observed in the East Asia Pacific from 15.8 in 1980 to 36.3 in 1997. Similarly, an increasing trend of capital flows has been observed in Eastern Europe and Latin America. The percentages of this increase varied from region to region. The availability of external finance helped in releasing the constraints on foreign exchange that reduced and somehow suppressed growth and development in 1980s. The availability of foreign direct investments that were included in the new funds cannot be ignored. The concept of foreign direct investments is encouraged by the governments of the developing states. Foreign Direct Investments are encouraged because they improve the capital accumulation process and help the country develop with a faster pace in the present and thereby, affirm its success and prosperity on economic grounds in the upcoming years. Globalization does not only provide direct advantages to the countries influenced by it but

Ethics Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics Theories - Essay Example In this case, there is little question that a theft of the drug would be ethical under a teleological and utilitarian model. Depending on the ethical approach chosen, breaking into the store to steal the drug could be considered either right or wrong. As stated above, a teleological analysis would justify the action as being right due to its potential to avoid a great harm, a loss of life, at the expense of some lost profit, which surely cannot weigh as heavily. On the other hand, a more duty-based approach such as deontological would require that the morality of the act itself be considered without regard to its consequences. Deontological ethics maintains that actions themselves have intrinsic moral value, and can be inherently good or bad. Arguably, stealing is wrong even if it ends up having a positive effect, and therefore a deontological analysis would require a determination that the action is wrong. In short, the ends never justify the means under such an analysis. Notifying employees of layoffs via e-mail is the right way because of the manner in which the notification was handled in this particular case.

Psychosocial Effects of Adult ADHD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Psychosocial Effects of Adult ADHD - Essay Example Oosterlaan, Logan and Sergeant referred to this condition as 'Response Inhibition' in their article, in Cambridge Journals. Earlier it was presumed that it was only a boy's disorder and never affected girls. Recent information has proved otherwise and now the actual ratio of boys: girls is 3:1. Till recently, hyperactive and impulsive behavior had always been considered as part of childhood and not exactly a problem. Also boys are given more attention, because their behavior is more aggressive and caught attention and hence, were treated accordingly. These are connected with poorer performance, less systematic behavior, loss of working memory, lack of focused attention, irritability, restlessness, inability to carry out specific instructions, and lack of concentration in any activity without being distracted. It is considered to be difficult to diagnose the inattentive kind, as behavior does not show it. According to unconfirmed data 4% to 5% of United States citizens have AD/HD related problems. It persists throughout a person's lifetime. Approximately one-half to two-thirds of children do not get completely treated and will continue have the same behavioral problems even as adults that will create tension for them on the job, within the family and in social relationships. It is supposed to be caused mainly by biological factors, said to be the 'influence in neurotransmitter activity' in the brain. Research leads us to believe that this has a definite genetic basis. Research conducted by NIMH using a positron emission tomography scanner to map out the working procedure in the brain has resulted in showing a certain unbroken connection between the ability to hold sustained attention and the activity level in the brain. In this research, the level of glucose used by various areas of brain which could be in control of impulses and quick decisions was carefully measured. Those areas in an affected person showed decreased activity, as a result of consumed lesser level of glucose. "In people with AD/HD, the brain areas that control attention used less glucose, indicating that they were less active. It appears from this research that a lower level of activity in some parts of the brain may cause inattention and other AD/HD symptoms." http://www.add.org/articles/factsheet.html Earlier diagnosis would solve the problem being carried forward into adulthood, but sometimes, this would not happen. This problem could be excessive, long term and exasperating to the person and people around him. Adult AD/HD is considered to be difficult only if it has created problems either at work place or in the social life of individual. If a certain handicap is felt in these areas, perhaps it should be treated clinically. Because the nature and severity of the problem could vary from person to person, it is not very easy to come to a conclusive diagnosis without any stray doubt. Sometimes, it is not rare to come across a family history of the problem. "Adult anxiety disorders have been shown to be familial. The familial patterns are likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, Garfinkel et al

Caffeine Community Essay Example for Free

Caffeine Community Essay As we go about our busy lives, going here, there and everywhere like a colony of ants building up supplies for the winter, we never truly take a moment to look at the world around us, stop to smell the roses, to coin a popular phrase. We never seem to take in the sights, sounds, smells and feelings that we often disconnect ourselves from in our obsession to make the world a perfect place. There is hardly a moment that we stop to notice the other people around us that even though we do not know them from Adam, they could enrich our lives without us even knowing it, if we just took the time for a smile and polite hello. These people can remind us that there is a diverse world of goals and aspirations. It is quite amazing where such an event can happen. Going for a daily coffee at a favorite cafe can bring about this epiphany. As one sits in this modern coffee shop that caters to the needs of young and old alike, one can look around and simply see the decorative art work on the walls, the small scratches in the table that sits in front of you. But let’s look at little deeper and see the true character of the environment around us. What brought about the scratch in the table. Is it just normal every day wear and tear caused by the many people coming and going to take in their hurried morning coffee or could it, perhaps, be caused by say a bored teenager waiting for the long walk to school, using their pen to make back and forth marks in the table. As one sits and contemplates this, they can take a look around and recognize the other sights, sounds and smells of the little cafe. As one looks two tables away, an elderly man helps his wife to the seat at their table with a gentle hand and beaming smile. They look into each other’s eyes lovingly as a couple would do in an old time movie. He tells her,† have a seat dear and I’ll get our coffees. I still love you very much. The distinct voice patterns give away the fact that they are from New York, but they are very much home in their little coffee community. As the manager of the store brings over their order, they engage him in conversation about how he likes working at this particular place. In the meantime, a young man with the burly looks of a high school football player sits at the table next to the older couple and the gentleman begins a lively chat about the sport of football. A sudden, intoxicating smell of fresh brewed coffee and warm toasted bagels brings you out of your daydreams of a long and loving life with the man that you love, caused by the very happy couple. You look around to see a small table at the center of the busy room. There sit a mother and young daughter. The mother seated at the edge of her seat at the table, sipping on her steamy latte, and desperately trying to relate to her young teenage daughter in an attempt to keep the close relationship with her that she shared when the girl was little and thought that her mother was the only person in the world. The young daughter, dressed in what appears to be a dingy soccer uniform, absently sips on her orange juice with a distant look in her eyes thinking that she would much rather anywhere else but here with her boring mother. Thinking perhaps of that grassy field where she could be playing soccer with her friends, or maybe she is in chemistry class, glancing out of the corner of her eye at the cute boy across the room that she has a crush on. The mother gets a mixed expression of pain and lonliness on her face as she realizes that as she tries to hold onto her daughter, that the young girl is slowly drifting away. But that is the way of life, we do all we can to keep the bonds with our children even though deep down we realize that one day soon, we will have to send them from the nest to live their own lives. As the mother and daughter leave to spend their day with separate agendas, you hear the grating of metal against stone and look around to find the cause of the noise that makes your skin crawl and teeth hurt. You look up to see that the table by the window has grown from a six seat table for a cozy conversation for a small group, to a table fit for a King’s Court. Several smaller tables have been added to the larger one, reminding you of someone trying to piece together a jigsaw puzzle. The creators of this elaborate set up are the group of regular coffee drinkers that start each day enjoying each other’s company and sharing their lives with each other. They are so diverse in appearance and personality. There is Martha with her perfectly coifed hair, outrageously oversized jewelry and too bright red lipstick, she is outspoken and her laugh sounds eerily like a hyena. She laughs and gathers everyone around her wanting to be the center of attention because maybe she is ignored at home. Sitting next to Martha is Charles. The tall, slender man sits back in his chair with the ease of man who is comfortable with himself and the way his life is. He is wearing a set of earphones with a microphone on them and one wonders why on earth what use he would have for such a contraption. Then the question is answered a few minutes later when he places a hand held amplifier to his neck and welcomes the newcomers to the table with a hardy good morning and a beaming smile, sounding very much like an electronic voice from a computer. He obviously has had some tragedy that has caused him to lose the use of his vocal cords and possibly hearing and the entire set up is a way for him to communicate with others. The use of this machine is an everyday occurrence and is second nature to him now. Like he doesn’t even know it is there. One has to wonder how this all came about. Is this a case of perfect strangers coming to start their lives each day in the same place? Perhaps this group of unique and diverse friends starts out with a simple smile, with an apprehensive good morning, like children on a playground for the first day of school trying to decide if it is okay to play with each other. Is it possible in this modern world where most people are concerned with number one that there are still people out there that are truly content with inviting others into their little world? You catch an additional name here and there, Tom, Grace, John and Mike. The smiles from the friends are genuine and the laughter is contagious. Everyone at this table is completely different in every way, yet very much the same. A diverse group with different backgrounds, goals, dreams, that found a common bond floating in a steamy, rich drink. Perhaps this group of friends started out like the two young men at the table next to mine. It is hard not to eavesdrop on the lighthearted and endearing conversation that these two obviously longtime friends are having. The two men were best friends in school and because of circumstances beyond their control, were separated to live their own lives. After spending four years being completely inseparable, the first young man left the country to protect the freedoms of his friend, while the second young man went on to college to earn a degree to protect the rights of the second young man. Relaxed and happy as if it has not been ten years since they have seen each other, only keeping in touch through emails and the occasional phone call. The young men chatter on about their lives and families as easily as a pair of school girls talking about the upcoming dance and what they are going to wear. They shuffle through a stack of pictures of the lives that they shared together and separately. Pointing and laughing at the precious, shared memories of times past, reliving the past as it was only yesterday. When they first entered the cafe, the small amount of tension was obvious as they barely spoke as they ordered their coffees and bagels and then waited to pay. By the time they sat down across from each other they were talking more freely and growing more comfortable with each other’s company. Watching these two men can make someone almost want to relive the past. Maybe go back and do things differently with a life that is half way gone. Looking at other people’s lives is like looking at a picture through a glass of water. We think we know what the real image is, it may look clear as a bell, but if we slow down for just a moment, remove the obstacle of the water and look closely and listen with earnest, we see that the picture we are envisioning in our minds may not be the reality of the lives we are surrounded by in this world. We tend to be so self-absorbed in our own lives, in our little world that leads us to believe that is revolves around us, which causes us to forget to look at the big picture and realize that we are all here together. There is an abundance of diversity and culture that we can see and listen to and learn from, and if we take the time to open ourselves up to others, to share what we feel and want with them and at the same time accept what they have to teach us about our lives, that we can enhance and enrich our lives in so many ways.

Eco-Wars :: essays research papers

In recent years, a new force has been introduced to the struggle for environmental protection. The world's military looms as an ominous threat above our fragile eco-system. Even during years of peace, the military's havoc is wreaked "Not in some remote sandbox or sea lane, but within the heart of a rapidly unraveling planetary ecology, whose intricate web of intertwined lives, often trigger complex feedback processes." (Thomas). The greatest crime perhaps is the slow murder of the planet. The world has suffered more ecological damage in the past fifty years, than ever before. Oil spills, toxic dumps and nuclear testing, plague the world's resources. The majority of these originating from the world's 'protectors'. The greatest victim of all our wars, is Earth. Her sufferings coming from toxic dumping, chemical warfare and nuclear testing Perhaps the best example of a dumpsite would be Subic Bay in the Philippines. Since the end of the Viet Nam conflict, 4,000,000 gallons of untreated waste have been dumped into the bay each day. As Pentagon official David Berteau summarized "If any one nation bears the brunt of the U.S. military's practice overseas, it may well be the Philippines". It is estimated that this dumping has destroyed thousands of kilometres of coastline, and a valuable eco-system. Though this is not to imply that the Philippines are the sole victim of military dumping, indeed there are hundreds of such dumpsites across the globe. As is clearly seen in map 1.1 Indeed the weapons of war do more harm to Gaia than to any foreign soldier, Chemical warfare & High-tech weaponry of the 90's may turn out to be what eventually lays Mother Earth to rest. Chemical Warfare was introduced by German soldiers during WWI. Since then, dramatic increases in chemical weapons have put Earth on the verge of collapse. It is estimated that 240 pounds of Agent Orange, a defoliant, was dropped over S. Viet Nam during the 1960’s. This may not sound like much, but to put it in perspective, two ounces of the substance, placed in New York City's water supply, would kill every inhabitant. (Day, 208). And it will remain in the environment for centuries to come. Not so far away, more havoc was being wrought on the environment, this time due to the space race, the liquid fuel used by Soviet era missiles and rockets -- unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) -- is both highly toxic and hard to remove from the environment once leaked.